Characterization on Thermal And Mechanical Properties of Non-Covalent Polyethyleneimine Wrapped on Graphene Nanoplatelets Within NR/EPDM Rubber Blend Nanocomposites
Abstract
This study focused on the characterization of Natural Rubber (NR)/Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) filled Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanocomposites. The effects of GNPs non-covalent surface treatment using polyethyleneimine (PEI) and different loading of filler addition (0.25-5.00 wt. %) to cure characteristics, thermo-mechanical and thermal degradation properties of produced NR/EPDM rubber blends nanocomposites were analyzed and inter-correlated with their fracture morphologies. The surface treatment of GNPs was found to enhance the fillermatrices interaction in the NR/EPDM blend nanocomposites compared with unfilled and untreated GNPs filled NR/EPDM systems at similar loadings. The nanocomposites with 3.00 wt. % of PEI-treated GNPs possessed outstanding mechanical properties compared with unfilled NR/EPDM blends and filled nanocomposites without treatment (tensile strength of 27.78 MPa, 19.65 MPa and 23.34 MPa; respectively). The results were supported with thermal and dynamic analyses. Highly homogeneous dispersion of GNPs nanofillers and the presence of strong interfacial interaction between the matrix and reinforcement nanofiller resulted in an excellent thermal-mechanical properties of nanocomposites filled with 3.00 wt. % PEI treated GNPs. Obvious fractured morphological changes due to the noncovalent treatment provided hints on the role of GNPs treatment in improving the NR/EPDM blends mechanical and thermal properties.
Downloads
References
J. Longun, and J. O. Iroh, “Nano-graphene/polyimide composites with extremely high rubbery plateau modulus,” Carbon, vol. 50, pp. 1823-1832, Jul. 2011.
Z. Cai, X. Meng, Y. Han, H. Ye, L. Cui, Q. Zhou, “Reinforcing
polyamide 1212 with graphene oxide via a two-step melt compounding
process, “Comp.: Part A, vol. 69, pp. 115-123, Feb. 2015 .
H. Kim, A. A. Abdala, and C. W. Macosko, “Graphene/polymer
nanocomposites,” Macromol, vol. 43, pp. 6515-6530, Jan. 2011.
M. Fang, K. Wang, H. Lu, Y. Yang, and S. Nutt, “Covalent polymer
functionalization of graphene nanosheets and mechanical properties of
composites,” J. Mat. Chem, vol. 19, pp. 7098-7105, Aug. 2009.
E. Y. Choi, T. H. Han, J. Hong, J. E. Kim, S. H. Lee, H. W. Kim, and S. O. Kim, “Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with end-functional polymers,” J. Mater. Chem, vol. 20, pp. 1907-1912, Jan. 2010.
K. K. Sadasivuni, D. Ponnamma, S. Thomas, and Y. Grohens,
“Evolution from graphite to graphene elastomer composites,” Prog. Polym. Sci, vol. 39, pp. 749-780, Aug. 2013.
A. Stevenson, and R., Champion, Durability in Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Component. Cincinnati: Hanser Gardner Publications Inc., 2012.
H. Lorenz, J. Fritzsche, A. Das, K.W. Stöckelhuber, R. Jurk, G. Heinrich, and M. Klüppel, “Advanced elastomer nano-composites based on CNThybrid filler systems,” Comp. Sci. Tech, Vol. 69, pp. 2135-2143, Feb. 2009.
J. Abd Razak, S. H. Ahmad, C. T. Ratnam, M. A. Mahamood, and
N. Mohamad, “Effects of poly (ethyleneimine) adsorption on
graphene nanoplatelets to the properties of NR/EPDM rubber blend
nanocomposites,” J. Mater. Sci, Vol. 50, June 2015.
T. Kuila, S. Bose, A. K. Mishra, P. Khanra, N. H. Kim, and J. H., Lee,
“Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications,” Prog.
Mater. Sci, Vol. 57, pp. 1061-1105, Sept. 2012.
N. Mohamad, J. Yaakub, J. Abd Razak, M. Yuhazri Yaakub, M. Iqbal
Shueb, and A. Muchtar, “Effects of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50)
and processing parameters on the properties of NR/EPDM blends using
response surface methodology,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci, Vol. 131, Sept. 2014.
W. D. Kim, H. J. Lee, J. Y. Kim, and S. -K. Koh, “Fatigue life estimation of an engine rubber mount,” Int. J. Fatigue, Vol. 26, pp. 553-560, May 2004.
A. I. Hussain, M. L. Tawfic, A. A. Khalil, and T. E. Awad, “High performance emulsified EPDM grafted with vinyl acetate as compatibilizer for EPDM with polar rubber,” Nat. Sci, Vol. 8, pp. 348-357, Jan. 2010.
M. Arroyo, M. Lopezmanchado, J. Valentin, and J. Carretero, “Morphology/behaviour relationship of nanocomposites based on natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber blends,” Comp. Sci. Tech, Vol. 67, pp. 1330-1339, June 2007.
J. Yaakub, N. Mohamad, J. Abd Razak, M. I. Shueb, and Z. Jano, “Cure characteristics, tensile and morphological properties of graphene
nanoplatelets (GNPs) filled NR/EPDM composites,” American-Eurasian
Network Scien. Inf, Vol. 8, pp. 148-155, Jan. 2014.
A. S. Sirqueira, and B. G. Soares, “Compatibilization of natural rubber/ EPDM blends by anhydride and mercapto-functionalized copolymers,” J. Macromol. Sci, Part B: Phys, Vol. 46, pp. 639-650, Jul. 2007.
W. Arayapranee, and G. L. Rempel, ”Properties of NR/EPDM blends
with or without methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) as a
compatibilizer,” Mater. Struct. Reliab, Vol. 5, pp. 1-12, March 2007.
P. Sae-Oui, C. Sirisinha, U. Thepsuwan, and P. Thapthong, “Influence of accelerator type on properties of NR/EPDM blends,” Polym. Test, Vol. 26, pp. 1062-1067, Dec. 2007.
A. A. Basfar, M. M. Abdel-Aziz, and S. Mofti, “Influence of different
curing systems on the physico-mechanical properties and stability of SBR and NR rubbers,” Radiat. Phys. Chem, Vol. 63, pp. 81-87, Jan. 2002.
C. E. Corcione, A. Cataldi, and M. Frigione, ”Measurements of size
distribution nanoparticles in ultraviolet-curable methacrylate based
boehmite nanocomposites,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci, Vol. 128, pp. 4102-4109, Oct. 2012.
K. T. Lau, T. J. S. Anand, and C. C. Sorrell, “Protonation of the
polyethyleneimine and titanium particles and their effect on the
electrophoretic mobility and deposition,” Mater. Chem. Phys, Vol. 182,
pp. 359 – 364, Aug. 2016.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors transfer copyright to the publisher as part of a journal publishing agreement with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after the manuscript is accepted, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).